Canada's Parliamentary democracy Aug 24, 2025

Bloggers Note:

 

 mov1630

 

Canada's parliamentary democracy is a constitutional monarchy where the King is the Head of State and the Prime Minister is the Head of Government, leading a government that must maintain the confidence of the House of Commons. Parliament, consisting of the Sovereign, Senate (appointed, upper house), and House of Commons (elected, lower house), enacts laws after they are agreed to by all three parts. The House of Commons is the primary legislative body, h

• Constitutional Monarchy:

  The King of Canada is the Head of State, represented by the Governor General. 

   

   I GROK IT  #GROKIT

  https://x.com/i/grok/share/bzWiQqRf3WipBoQJjQ8o4w41A

   

   

  Canada’s parliamentary democracy is a system of government rooted in the British Westminster model, combining a constitutional monarchy with democratic principles. Here’s a concise overview based on current understanding:Key Features:

  1. Constitutional Monarchy: Canada’s head of state is the monarch (currently King Charles III), represented in Canada by the Governor General. The monarch’s role is largely ceremonial, with the Governor General performing duties like dissolving Parliament or granting royal assent to legislation.
  2. Parliamentary Structure: Canada’s Parliament is bicameral, consisting of:
     • House of Commons: Elected members (MPs) represent ridings (electoral districts). The party with the most seats typically forms the government, and its leader becomes Prime Minister.
     • Senate: Appointed senators review and amend legislation. They are not elected and serve until age 75.
  3. Prime Minister and Cabinet: The Prime Minister, chosen by the Governor General (usually the leader of the majority party or coalition), leads the government. The Cabinet, appointed by the Prime Minister, manages government departments and proposes legislation.
  4. Elections and Representation: MPs are elected through a first-past-the-post system in federal elections, held every four years or earlier if Parliament is dissolved. Canadians vote for local representatives, not directly for the Prime Minister.
  5. Legislative Process: Laws are proposed (bills), debated, and passed by the House of Commons and Senate, then receive royal assent. The government must maintain the confidence of the House to remain in power.
  6. Federalism: Canada’s democracy operates within a federal system, dividing powers between the federal government (e.g., defense, trade) and provinces (e.g., education, health). Territories have delegated powers.

  Democratic Principles:

  • Rule of Law: Laws apply equally to all, including government officials.
  • Responsible Government: The government is accountable to Parliament, requiring the House’s support to govern.
  • Judicial Independence: Courts, including the Supreme Court of Canada, operate independently to uphold the Constitution and Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

  Current Context (August 2025):

  • Canada’s 45th Parliament is active, with the Liberal Party, led by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, in power following the 2021 election. The next election is due by October 2025, though it could occur earlier.
  • Recent discussions on platforms like X highlight debates over democratic reforms, such as electoral system changes (e.g., proportional representation) and Senate reform, though no major changes have been implemented recently.

   

   

  This is the Parliament of Canada

  
  

.VIVA AFRICA BREAKING: Burkina Faso FINALLY Takes Back Its GOLD From Canada!

.VIVA AFRICA  .VIVA AFRICA   .VIVA AFRICA   .VIVA AFRICA 

 .VIVA AFRICA  .VIVA AFRICA 

 

.

On June 12, 2025, Burkina Faso completed something most countries only talk about. The government took full control of five gold mining operations, without the involvement of foreign investors. These were not empty fields waiting to be explored. These were active, producing mines. Some of them had been run by Canadian firms for over a decade. Now, every ounce of gold pulled from the ground is managed by a new state-owned company, SOPAMIB. And just like that, Canada was out. The decision was not sudden. For months, there were signs that the Burkinabé government was no longer willing to let foreign firms dominate its most valuable resources. In August 2024, a mining code revision was passed. Then came the creation of a national mining company. But few expected the government to move this fast or to go this far. Until recently, Canada had been one of the largest players in West African mining. Its influence was so deep that some of the region’s largest mining projects had boards and executives based in Toronto. But the balance has now changed. Burkina Faso has rejected the old rules of extraction and replaced them with state-led strategies aimed at controlling value, production, and profit. Burkina Faso is Africa's fourth largest gold producer, producing more than 57 tons of gold in 2023. At current gold prices, that is roughly $3.8 billion worth of precious metal coming out of the ground every single year. However, most of that wealth were always boarding flights to Toronto, Montreal, and other international financial centers while Burkina Faso remained one of the world's poorest countries. Immediately Ibrahim Traoré got into power, he started asking the uncomfortable questions. "How exactly does a country sitting on billions of dollars worth of gold struggle to fund basic infrastructure? Why are mining executives in Canada getting richer from our gold than the people who actually live above it?" The answers he found led to the most dramatic resource takeover in modern African history. It did not happen through protests. There were no viral headlines. No breaking news ticker on international television. Yet, within a year, Canadian mining firms lost their foothold in one of West Africa’s richest gold zones. The process began with signals, low-key but unmistakable.

TRANSCRIPT

on June 12th, 2025.

0:02

My people do not need promises. They

0:04

need fields to feed their children and

0:06

schools to shape their dreams. I am no

0:09

hero, just a son of this soil, working

0:11

to give my nation the dignity it

0:13

deserves.

0:14

Pinapaso completed something most

0:15

countries only talk about. The

0:17

government took full control of five

0:19

gold mining operations without the

0:21

involvement of foreign investors. These

0:23

were not empty fields waiting to be

0:25

explored. These were active producing

0:28

mines. Some of them had been run by

0:30

Canadian firms for over a decade. Now,

0:32

every ounce of gold pulled from the

0:34

ground is managed by a new state-owned

0:36

company, Soapam. And just like that,

0:39

Canada was out. Before we continue, hit

0:42

that like button to help us beat the

0:44

YouTube algorithm.

0:46

The decision was not sudden. For months,

0:48

there were signs that the Burkinab

0:50

government was no longer willing to let

0:52

foreign firms dominate its most valuable

0:54

resources. In August 2024, a mining code

0:58

revision was passed. Then came the

1:00

creation of a national mining company.

1:03

But few expected the government to move

1:05

this fast or to go this far. Until

1:09

recently, Canada had been one of the

1:10

largest players in West African mining.

1:12

Its influence was so deep that some of

1:14

the region's largest mining projects had

1:16

boards and executives based in Toronto.

1:18

But the balance has now changed. Burkina

1:21

Faso has rejected the old rules of

1:23

extraction and replaced them with

1:24

state-led strategies aimed at

1:26

controlling value, production, and

1:28

profit. Burkina Faso is Africa's fourth

1:31

largest gold producer, producing more

1:33

than 57 tons of gold in 2023. At current

1:36

gold prices, that is roughly $3 bill800

1:39

million 0 worth of precious metal coming

1:42

out of the ground every single year.

1:44

However, most of that wealth were always

1:46

boarding flights to Toronto, Montreal,

1:48

and other international financial

1:50

centers. While Burkina Faso remained one

1:52

of the world's poorest countries.

1:55

Immediately, Ibrahim Trayori got into

1:57

power, he started asking the

1:59

uncomfortable questions. How exactly

2:01

does a country sitting on billions of

2:03

dollars worth of gold struggle to fund

2:05

basic infrastructure? Why are mining

2:07

executives in Canada getting richer from

2:09

our gold than the people who actually

2:11

live above it? The answers he found led

2:14

to the most dramatic resource takeover

2:16

in modern African history. It did not

2:19

happen through protests. There were no

2:21

viral headlines, no breaking news ticker

2:24

on international television. Yet within

2:26

a year, Canadian mining firms lost their

2:29

foothold in one of West Africa's richest

2:32

gold zones. The process began with

2:34

signals, low-key but unmistakable. In

2:38

early 2024, Burkina Faso's transitional

2:40

government started tightening its grip

2:42

on the mining sector. New policies were

2:44

rolled out that placed more

2:45

decision-making power in the hands of

2:47

local authorities. Bureaucratic hurdles

2:50

increased for foreign firms. New taxes

2:52

were discussed. Licenses were reviewed.

2:54

Then came the game changer, the revision

2:57

of the National Mining Code in August

2:59

2024. That was the turning point. The

3:02

revised code did not just update the

3:04

rules, it rewrote them. A mandatory 10%

3:07

stake for the state in all new mining

3:09

operations was introduced. But the real

3:12

surprise was that under the new code,

3:14

the government reserved the right to

3:16

increase its share to up to 70% in

3:19

strategic cases. It was clear that the

3:21

targets were the large-scale gold

3:23

producers, majority of which were

3:25

foreign, especially Canadian. Within

3:28

months, operations owned or operated by

3:30

companies like Simopho, Endeavor Mining,

3:33

and others began facing resistance.

3:36

Contracts were re-examined.

3:37

Environmental audits were demanded.

3:40

License renewals were delayed. Behind

3:42

the scenes, there was pressure to hand

3:44

over assets voluntarily. By the end of

3:47

2024, the government made it official.

3:49

Five major gold mining operations, all

3:51

previously foreignrun, would now be

3:53

operated by a new national company,

3:55

Soapibi. short for cicet de patrimon

3:59

minor dubkina. Some Canadian firms did

4:02

not fight back. They did not file

4:04

international claims or go to

4:05

arbitration. They walked away. Fortuna

4:08

silvermines, a major player with

4:10

projects across Latin America and West

4:12

Africa, issued a statement in May 2025

4:15

saying it was shifting its investment

4:17

focus to Guinea. It did not mention

4:19

Burkina Faso by name, but it did not

4:21

have to. It was obvious that the

4:23

conditions in Burkina Faso were no

4:25

longer suitable for Canadian mining

4:27

firms. Why did they not push back? There

4:30

are several reasons. Bkina Faso was not

4:32

offering compensation or buyouts. It was

4:35

a clean state takeover, challenging that

4:38

in international courts would be

4:39

expensive and politically risky,

4:42

especially since many of these firms

4:44

operated in other parts of Africa and

4:46

did not want to risk losing more

4:47

licenses elsewhere. But most

4:50

importantly, Burkin Afaso simply did not

4:52

blink. The government did not meet the

4:54

firm's halfway. It did not offer middle

4:56

ground solutions. Instead, it made it

4:58

clear resources under Burkinab soil

5:01

would now benefit Burkinab people.

5:03

First, foreign participation would be

5:05

allowed, but only under new rules that

5:08

gave the state full control. The

5:10

Canadian government has also faced

5:12

criticism at home and abroad for the

5:13

behavior of its mining companies in

5:15

Africa. Allegations of environmental

5:17

degradation, labor violations, and

5:19

unfair profit sharing have followed

5:21

Canadian firms for years. If they had

5:24

aggressively defended corporate

5:25

interests in Bkina Faso, it would have

5:27

reignited these debates and potentially

5:29

sabotaging Canada's global image. So, it

5:33

stayed quiet. The silence was not

5:35

approval, but it was not resistance

5:37

either. It was a signal that Canada

5:39

understood that the ground had shifted.

5:41

Burkina Fasa was no longer negotiating

5:44

from a position of dependency. It was

5:46

setting the terms and Canada could not

5:49

challenge that reality. What followed

5:51

was like an intense shuffle where

5:53

Canadian companies found themselves out

5:55

of the game with no place left to sit in

5:57

Burkinaaso's mining scene. That is how

5:59

Canada left. No ceremony, negotiation or

6:02

fight, just the quiet sound of contracts

6:04

expiring and offices closing. However,

6:07

it is interesting watching how these

6:08

companies are changing the narratives

6:10

about their forced exits. They talk

6:12

about security concerns and regulatory

6:14

uncertainty as if they are the victims

6:16

of some unfortunate misunderstanding.

6:19

But the reality is simpler. They are

6:21

being fired from jobs they thought were

6:23

permanent. Burke and Afaso planned and

6:26

executed their mining takeover. It was a

6:28

strategic economic warfare and not some

6:31

spontaneous act of resource nationalism.

6:33

It is part of a broader agenda of true

6:36

freedom from neoc colonial powers. And

6:38

the results were immediate. Share prices

6:40

of foreign mining companies started

6:42

declining the moment investors realized

6:45

what was happening. Billions in market

6:47

capitalization evaporated as the reality

6:50

sank in that the era of easy African

6:52

mining was over. Government figures

6:55

indicate state controlled initiatives

6:57

collected over 8 tons in 2024 and more

7:00

than 11 tons in Q1 2025 alone. primarily

7:04

from formalized small-cale operations.

7:06

These figures represent gold that is

7:08

staying in Burkina Foso instead of

7:10

enriching foreign shareholders. Think

7:13

about what 11 tons of gold in 3 months

7:15

means at current prices. That is roughly

7:18

$780 million. 0 cents worth of gold

7:21

collected by state entities in just the

7:23

first quarter of 2025. money that is now

7:26

funding schools, hospitals,

7:28

infrastructure, and economic

7:29

development. Instead of dividend

7:31

payments to pension funds in Toronto,

7:34

when foreign mining firms left, they did

7:36

not leave behind empty pits or ghost

7:38

towns. They left behind fully

7:40

operational mines, some producing

7:43

hundreds of thousands of ounces of gold

7:45

per year. Rather than auction these off

7:47

to the next foreign investor, the

7:48

Burkanabi government had other plans.

7:51

They created Soapaib. Soapamib was not

7:54

an afterthought. It was not a shell

7:56

company built to manage paperwork. It

7:58

was designed from day one as a

8:00

functional replacement for the large

8:02

multinational firms that once controlled

8:04

the country's gold sector. The full name

8:07

So de patrimoa min dubkina means burkina

8:11

mining heritage corporation but there is

8:14

nothing symbolic about what it does. It

8:17

holds mining licenses and operates

8:19

extraction sites. It also manages

8:21

logistics, staffing, transport, and

8:24

export. In short, soapib is a mining

8:27

company. The company was founded with

8:30

two goals. First, to keep production

8:33

stable during the transition so that

8:36

there will be no shutdowns or missed

8:38

targets. Gold had to keep flowing, not

8:41

for foreign shareholders, but for the

8:43

state. Second, to create an

8:45

institutional backbone for a long-term

8:49

state-led mining industry. To do that,

8:52

SOAPAIB absorbed local technical staff

8:54

who had previously worked under Canadian

8:56

firms, geologists, engineers, plant

8:59

operators, and finance teams. Many of

9:01

these professionals were Burkinab

9:03

nationals already doing the groundwork

9:05

while decisions were made abroad. SOAPA

9:07

MIB brought decision-making and

9:09

operations under one roof. And for the

9:11

first time, that roof was in Wagadugu,

9:15

not Toronto. What makes Soapamib

9:18

different from past national mining

9:20

experiments in Africa is that it did not

9:22

start from scratch. It took over fully

9:25

built mines with trained personnel and

9:27

operational systems already in place.

9:30

But running a mining empire is

9:32

expensive. Soib did not pretend

9:34

otherwise. Instead of relying solely on

9:37

state funds, the company built

9:39

partnerships with private sector

9:40

logistics firms and regional

9:42

contractors. It issued contracts to

9:45

Burkconay companies for hollage,

9:47

maintenance, and security. In doing so,

9:49

it pulled dozens of previously

9:50

sidelineed local businesses into the

9:52

mining economy. The company also

9:55

renegotiated export terms. Under

9:57

previous regimes, most gold exports were

10:00

routed through foreign refineries.

10:02

Soapamib began talks with other African

10:05

states, especially Mali and Niger, to

10:07

explore building a regional refining

10:10

hub. The goal was to add value at home,

10:12

not abroad. Dopamib is still young and

10:16

the risks are real. No one denies that.

10:18

But what makes it notable is its

10:20

function, not its age. In less than a

10:23

year, it replaced a network of

10:24

multi-billion dollar corporations, kept

10:27

production flowing, and rewired the

10:29

entire gold value chain inside Bkina

10:32

Faso's borders. It may look like an

10:34

alternative to Canadian firms. But it is

10:37

a rejection of dependency built brick by

10:40

brick, sight by sight, and staffed by

10:42

the same professionals who once worked

10:44

under foreign logos. Burkina Faso now

10:47

has a mining company it owns and more

10:49

importantly a mining company it

10:51

controls. Bkina Faso is not acting

10:54

alone. They are part of a coordinated

10:56

regional revolution that is rewriting

10:59

the entire playbook of African resource

11:01

control. Like their neighbors Mali and

11:04

Niger, Bkina Faso is pushing for greater

11:07

control over its resources. three

11:09

countries and former colonies that have

11:11

decided together to stop being the

11:13

world's resource suppliers and start

11:15

being their own resource powers. This

11:18

coordination is not coincidental. Mali

11:20

has some of the world's richest gold

11:22

deposits. Nair controls uranium reserves

11:25

that power nuclear reactors across

11:26

Europe. Burkina Faso sits on massive

11:29

mineral wealth. Separately, any one of

11:31

these countries could be pressured,

11:33

isolated, or economically strangled by

11:35

international mining interests.

11:37

Together, they represent a formidable

11:39

block that controls resources essential

11:41

to global supply chains. This newfound

11:44

unity is not political. It is

11:46

operational. By coordinating their

11:48

strategies, these countries are not only

11:50

resisting external pressure, but also

11:53

proving that they can manage the complex

11:55

machinery of resource extraction on

11:57

their own terms. Burkina Faso's takeover

12:00

of its mining sector challenged the

12:02

ownership structures and exposed the

12:04

false narrative that expertise must

12:07

always come from abroad. One of the most

12:10

persistent lies in international mining

12:12

has always been that African countries

12:14

lack the technical expertise to run

12:16

modern mining operations. This lie has

12:19

been used to justify decades of foreign

12:21

control and minimal technology transfer.

12:24

But Bkina Foso just completely

12:26

demolished that narrative.

12:29

The same engineers who extracted gold

12:31

for Canadian companies are now

12:33

extracting gold for state entities. The

12:35

same geologists who mapped deposits for

12:37

foreign shareholders are now mapping

12:39

them for national development. The same

12:41

metallurgists who optimized production

12:43

for multinational corporations are now

12:46

optimizing production for their own

12:48

country. The expertise was always there.

12:50

What was missing was control. One of the

12:53

most brilliant aspects of Bkina Fazo's

12:55

mining strategy is how they have

12:56

integrated small-scale traditional

12:58

mining operations instead of

13:00

marginalizing them. International mining

13:02

companies typically saw small-cale

13:04

miners as nuisances to be removed or

13:07

obstacles to efficient extraction. The

13:09

Burkina Bay government sees them as

13:11

partners to be supported, regulated, and

13:13

integrated into national mining

13:15

strategy. This approach recognizes that

13:18

mining expertise exists at all levels of

13:20

society, not just in boardrooms in

13:22

Toronto. It is about building an

13:24

inclusive mining economy rather than an

13:27

extractive one. But nationalizing

13:29

existing mines is just the beginning of

13:31

Burkinafaso's resource revolution. The

13:33

real economic transformation comes from

13:35

building the capacity to add value

13:37

locally instead of shipping raw

13:39

materials overseas for processing. The

13:42

country has approved construction of its

13:43

first gold refinery, marking a shift

13:46

from exporting raw ore to processing

13:48

finished products domestically. This is

13:51

where the economic impact becomes

13:53

transformative. Refined gold commands

13:56

premium prices compared to raw ore.

13:58

Refining creates skilled jobs. It

14:00

requires supporting industries,

14:02

equipment manufacturing, chemical

14:04

processing, quality control, logistics

14:06

networks. Instead of being a raw

14:09

material supplier, Bkina Foso is

14:11

positioning itself as a mineral

14:13

processing economy. That is the

14:16

difference between being a colonial

14:17

supplier and being an industrial power.

14:20

What is emerging in Burkina Faso

14:22

represents a completely different

14:24

economic model for African resource

14:26

extraction. Instead of foreign companies

14:28

capturing the majority of value from

14:30

African resources, state entities are

14:32

keeping profits domestically to fund

14:34

national development. Revenue that used

14:37

to flow to pension funds in Toronto and

14:39

investment portfolios in London now

14:42

funds infrastructure, education, health

14:44

care, and industrial development in

14:46

Burkina Faso. The same gold deposits

14:49

that generated steady returns for

14:51

international shareholders are now

14:52

generating development capital for the

14:55

people who actually live above them. For

14:57

international mining companies, what's

15:00

happening in West Africa represents an

15:02

actual threat to business models that

15:05

have dominated the industry for over a

15:07

century. Supply chains that were once

15:09

managed from boardrooms in Toronto,

15:12

London, and Sydney are now subject to

15:14

decisions made in Wagadugu, Bamako, and

15:17

Naimi. When Chinese manufacturers need

15:20

gold for electronics production or when

15:22

European companies need uranium for

15:24

nuclear power, they increasingly have to

15:27

negotiate with African governments

15:29

rather than just cutting deals with

15:30

Western mining executives.

15:33

Revenue that previously flowed to

15:35

foreign shareholders now stays in the

15:37

country to fund economic development.

15:39

But it goes deeper than just keeping

15:41

mining profits at home. State controlled

15:43

mining operations are building local

15:45

financial institutions, training local

15:48

experts, and creating domestic capital

15:50

markets that can support mining

15:52

development. Instead of depending on

15:54

international banks for project

15:56

financing, they are building local

15:58

financial capacity. Instead of relying

16:00

on foreign currency for equipment

16:02

purchases, they are developing regional

16:04

trade relationships. This financial

16:07

independence is just as important as

16:09

operational independence. It means

16:11

African countries can make mining

16:13

decisions based on their own economic

16:16

priorities rather than the priorities of

16:18

international financial institutions.

16:21

What makes Burkinafaso's mining

16:23

revolution even more remarkable is that

16:25

it is actually working. Despite all the

16:28

warnings about inefficiency and

16:29

mismanagement that always accompany

16:31

nationalization, state controlled mining

16:33

operations are maintaining and in some

16:36

cases increasing production. What we are

16:38

witnessing in Burkina Faso is a

16:40

different nationalization story and the

16:42

emergence of a new model for African

16:44

resource control that could reshape

16:46

global mining relationships permanently.

16:49

Until recently, most countries followed

16:51

the same formula when dealing with

16:53

multinational mining firms, offer tax

16:55

incentives, ensuring stability clauses,

16:57

providing exploration licenses, and

16:59

competing for foreign capital. The

17:01

thinking was that resources in the

17:03

ground mean nothing unless someone has

17:05

the capital and technology to extract

17:07

them. And for years, Bkina Faso played

17:09

by those rules. But now those rules are

17:12

being rewritten. Bkinaaso has introduced

17:15

an entirely new way to engage with

17:17

international capital. And this model is

17:19

spreading because it offers something

17:21

rare, leverage. The success of state

17:24

controlled mining operations

17:25

demonstrates that African countries have

17:27

the technical expertise to manage their

17:29

own resources. The integration of

17:31

smallcale mining shows that development

17:34

strategies can be inclusive rather than

17:36

extractive. The construction of

17:38

processing facilities proves that

17:40

African countries can move up the value

17:42

chain. Most importantly, the revenue

17:45

from mining is staying in Africa to fund

17:48

African development priorities rather

17:50

than flowing to shareholders in Toronto,

17:52

London, and Sydney. Other African

17:54

countries are watching, learning, and

17:55

adapting these strategies to their own

17:57

situations. The legal frameworks that

17:59

enabled Burkina Faso's nationalizations

18:02

can be replicated elsewhere. The

18:03

institutional structures that support

18:05

state controlled mining can be modified

18:08

for different countries. Not every

18:10

country will adopt the same approach.

18:12

Some will still favor joint ventures.

18:14

Others will prefer higher royalties over

18:16

direct ownership. But the old playbook,

18:19

the one that said governments must

18:21

always accommodate foreign capital to be

18:23

competitive, is being quietly replaced.

18:26

The multinational mining companies that

18:28

have dominated African resource

18:30

extraction for over a century will have

18:32

to adapt to this new reality or find

18:35

themselves excluded from some of the

18:36

world's richest mineral deposits.

18:39

Canadian companies that built their

18:41

growth strategies around African mining

18:43

concessions are discovering that those

18:45

concessions were never as secure as they

18:47

thought. The era of guaranteed access to

18:49

African resources is ending. What

18:52

replaces it will depend on the ability

18:54

of international mining companies to

18:56

develop genuinely equitable partnerships

18:59

with African governments. Companies that

19:01

can offer real technology transfer,

19:03

substantial local benefit, and genuine

19:06

partnership may still find opportunities

19:08

in Africa. But companies that insist on

19:11

the old colonial model of maximum

19:14

extraction with minimal local benefit

19:16

will find themselves joining the exodus

19:18

from a continent that has finally

19:20

decided to control its own destiny.

19:23

African mining will never be the same

19:25

again. Should more countries take direct

19:28

control of their natural resources? Was

19:31

Canada right to walk away without a

19:33

legal battle? Can state-owned companies

19:35

outperform multinationals in the long

19:37

run? Drop your comments below if you

19:40

enjoyed this insightful video. Give it a

19:42

like, subscribe to the channel, and hit

19:44

that notification bell so you don't miss

19:45

the next one. We have more stories

19:47

coming that will change how you see

19:49

Africa and the world at